Add support for an external signature server (#4772)

This PR adds support for inv_sig_helper, which offloads the player fetching,
function extraction and signature parsing, which in turn allows to use the
web client to watch videos.

When the new config option "signature_server" is not set, the logic for the
external signature server is not enabled and invidious behaves like before.

This PR also updates the crystal overrides because the stdlib changed quite
a while ago (See issue 11049 at crystal-lang/crystal) and those were required
to properly use TCP/unix sockets.

Closes issue 4649

config/config.example.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #########################################
 #
-#  Database configuration
+#  Database and other external servers
 #
 #########################################
 
@@ -41,6 +41,19 @@ db:
 #check_tables: false
 
 
+##
+## Path to an external signature resolver, used to emulate
+## the Youtube client's Javascript. If no such server is
+## available, some videos will not be playable.
+##
+## When this setting is commented out, no external
+## resolver will be used.
+##
+## Accepted values: a path to a UNIX socket or "<IP>:<Port>"
+## Default: <none>
+##
+#signature_server:
+
 
 #########################################
 #
@@ -343,21 +356,6 @@ full_refresh: false
 ##
 feed_threads: 1
 
-##
-## Enable/Disable the polling job that keeps the decryption
-## function (for "secured" videos) up to date.
-##
-## Note: This part of the code generate a small amount of data every minute.
-## This may not be desired if you have bandwidth limits set by your ISP.
-##
-## Note 2: This part of the code is currently broken, so changing
-## this setting has no impact.
-##
-## Accepted values: true, false
-## Default: false
-##
-#decrypt_polling: false
-
 
 jobs:
 

src/invidious.cr

@@ -153,6 +153,15 @@ Invidious::Database.check_integrity(CONFIG)
   {% puts "\nDone checking player dependencies, now compiling Invidious...\n" %}
 {% end %}
 
+# Misc
+
+DECRYPT_FUNCTION =
+  if sig_helper_address = CONFIG.signature_server.presence
+    IV::DecryptFunction.new(sig_helper_address)
+  else
+    nil
+  end
+
 # Start jobs
 
 if CONFIG.channel_threads > 0
@@ -163,11 +172,6 @@ if CONFIG.feed_threads > 0
   Invidious::Jobs.register Invidious::Jobs::RefreshFeedsJob.new(PG_DB)
 end
 
-DECRYPT_FUNCTION = DecryptFunction.new(CONFIG.decrypt_polling)
-if CONFIG.decrypt_polling
-  Invidious::Jobs.register Invidious::Jobs::UpdateDecryptFunctionJob.new
-end
-
 if CONFIG.statistics_enabled
   Invidious::Jobs.register Invidious::Jobs::StatisticsRefreshJob.new(PG_DB, SOFTWARE)
 end

src/invidious/config.cr

@@ -74,8 +74,6 @@ class Config
   # Database configuration using 12-Factor "Database URL" syntax
   @[YAML::Field(converter: Preferences::URIConverter)]
   property database_url : URI = URI.parse("")
-  # Use polling to keep decryption function up to date
-  property decrypt_polling : Bool = false
   # Used for crawling channels: threads should check all videos uploaded by a channel
   property full_refresh : Bool = false
 
@@ -120,6 +118,10 @@ class Config
   # Connect to YouTube over 'ipv6', 'ipv4'. Will sometimes resolve fix issues with rate-limiting (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/21729)
   @[YAML::Field(converter: Preferences::FamilyConverter)]
   property force_resolve : Socket::Family = Socket::Family::UNSPEC
+
+  # External signature solver server socket (either a path to a UNIX domain socket or "<IP>:<Port>")
+  property signature_server : String? = nil
+
   # Port to listen for connections (overridden by command line argument)
   property port : Int32 = 3000
   # Host to bind (overridden by command line argument)

src/invidious/helpers/crystal_class_overrides.cr

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 # IPv6 addresses.
 #
 class TCPSocket
-  def initialize(host : String, port, dns_timeout = nil, connect_timeout = nil, family = Socket::Family::UNSPEC)
+  def initialize(host, port, dns_timeout = nil, connect_timeout = nil, blocking = false, family = Socket::Family::UNSPEC)
     Addrinfo.tcp(host, port, timeout: dns_timeout, family: family) do |addrinfo|
-      super(addrinfo.family, addrinfo.type, addrinfo.protocol)
+      super(addrinfo.family, addrinfo.type, addrinfo.protocol, blocking)
       connect(addrinfo, timeout: connect_timeout) do |error|
         close
         error
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class HTTP::Client
     end
 
     hostname = @host.starts_with?('[') && @host.ends_with?(']') ? @host[1..-2] : @host
-    io = TCPSocket.new hostname, @port, @dns_timeout, @connect_timeout, @family
+    io = TCPSocket.new hostname, @port, @dns_timeout, @connect_timeout, family: @family
     io.read_timeout = @read_timeout if @read_timeout
     io.write_timeout = @write_timeout if @write_timeout
     io.sync = false
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class HTTP::Client
       if tls = @tls
         tcp_socket = io
         begin
-          io = OpenSSL::SSL::Socket::Client.new(tcp_socket, context: tls, sync_close: true, hostname: @host)
+          io = OpenSSL::SSL::Socket::Client.new(tcp_socket, context: tls, sync_close: true, hostname: @host.rchop('.'))
         rescue exc
           # don't leak the TCP socket when the SSL connection failed
           tcp_socket.close

src/invidious/helpers/sig_helper.cr

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+require "uri"
+require "socket"
+require "socket/tcp_socket"
+require "socket/unix_socket"
+
+{% if flag?(:advanced_debug) %}
+  require "io/hexdump"
+{% end %}
+
+private alias NetworkEndian = IO::ByteFormat::NetworkEndian
+
+module Invidious::SigHelper
+  enum UpdateStatus
+    Updated
+    UpdateNotRequired
+    Error
+  end
+
+  # -------------------
+  #  Payload types
+  # -------------------
+
+  abstract struct Payload
+  end
+
+  struct StringPayload < Payload
+    getter string : String
+
+    def initialize(str : String)
+      raise Exception.new("SigHelper: String can't be empty") if str.empty?
+      @string = str
+    end
+
+    def self.from_bytes(slice : Bytes)
+      size = IO::ByteFormat::NetworkEndian.decode(UInt16, slice)
+      if size == 0 # Error code
+        raise Exception.new("SigHelper: Server encountered an error")
+      end
+
+      if (slice.bytesize - 2) != size
+        raise Exception.new("SigHelper: String size mismatch")
+      end
+
+      if str = String.new(slice[2..])
+        return self.new(str)
+      else
+        raise Exception.new("SigHelper: Can't read string from socket")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_io(io)
+      # `.to_u16` raises if there is an overflow during the conversion
+      io.write_bytes(@string.bytesize.to_u16, NetworkEndian)
+      io.write(@string.to_slice)
+    end
+  end
+
+  private enum Opcode
+    FORCE_UPDATE            = 0
+    DECRYPT_N_SIGNATURE     = 1
+    DECRYPT_SIGNATURE       = 2
+    GET_SIGNATURE_TIMESTAMP = 3
+    GET_PLAYER_STATUS       = 4
+    PLAYER_UPDATE_TIMESTAMP = 5
+  end
+
+  private record Request,
+    opcode : Opcode,
+    payload : Payload?
+
+  # ----------------------
+  #  High-level functions
+  # ----------------------
+
+  class Client
+    @mux : Multiplexor
+
+    def initialize(uri_or_path)
+      @mux = Multiplexor.new(uri_or_path)
+    end
+
+    # Forces the server to re-fetch the YouTube player, and extract the necessary
+    # components from it (nsig function code, sig function code, signature timestamp).
+    def force_update : UpdateStatus
+      request = Request.new(Opcode::FORCE_UPDATE, nil)
+
+      value = send_request(request) do |bytes|
+        IO::ByteFormat::NetworkEndian.decode(UInt16, bytes)
+      end
+
+      case value
+      when 0x0000 then return UpdateStatus::Error
+      when 0xFFFF then return UpdateStatus::UpdateNotRequired
+      when 0xF44F then return UpdateStatus::Updated
+      else
+        code = value.nil? ? "nil" : value.to_s(base: 16)
+        raise Exception.new("SigHelper: Invalid status code received #{code}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Decrypt a provided n signature using the server's current nsig function
+    # code, and return the result (or an error).
+    def decrypt_n_param(n : String) : String?
+      request = Request.new(Opcode::DECRYPT_N_SIGNATURE, StringPayload.new(n))
+
+      n_dec = self.send_request(request) do |bytes|
+        StringPayload.from_bytes(bytes).string
+      end
+
+      return n_dec
+    end
+
+    # Decrypt a provided s signature using the server's current sig function
+    # code, and return the result (or an error).
+    def decrypt_sig(sig : String) : String?
+      request = Request.new(Opcode::DECRYPT_SIGNATURE, StringPayload.new(sig))
+
+      sig_dec = self.send_request(request) do |bytes|
+        StringPayload.from_bytes(bytes).string
+      end
+
+      return sig_dec
+    end
+
+    # Return the signature timestamp from the server's current player
+    def get_signature_timestamp : UInt64?
+      request = Request.new(Opcode::GET_SIGNATURE_TIMESTAMP, nil)
+
+      return self.send_request(request) do |bytes|
+        IO::ByteFormat::NetworkEndian.decode(UInt64, bytes)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return the current player's version
+    def get_player : UInt32?
+      request = Request.new(Opcode::GET_PLAYER_STATUS, nil)
+
+      return self.send_request(request) do |bytes|
+        has_player = (bytes[0] == 0xFF)
+        player_version = IO::ByteFormat::NetworkEndian.decode(UInt32, bytes[1..4])
+        has_player ? player_version : nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return when the player was last updated
+    def get_player_timestamp : UInt64?
+      request = Request.new(Opcode::PLAYER_UPDATE_TIMESTAMP, nil)
+
+      return self.send_request(request) do |bytes|
+        IO::ByteFormat::NetworkEndian.decode(UInt64, bytes)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def send_request(request : Request, &)
+      channel = @mux.send(request)
+      slice = channel.receive
+      return yield slice
+    rescue ex
+      LOGGER.debug("SigHelper: Error when sending a request")
+      LOGGER.trace(ex.inspect_with_backtrace)
+      return nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # ---------------------
+  #  Low level functions
+  # ---------------------
+
+  class Multiplexor
+    alias TransactionID = UInt32
+    record Transaction, channel = ::Channel(Bytes).new
+
+    @prng = Random.new
+    @mutex = Mutex.new
+    @queue = {} of TransactionID => Transaction
+
+    @conn : Connection
+
+    def initialize(uri_or_path)
+      @conn = Connection.new(uri_or_path)
+      listen
+    end
+
+    def listen : Nil
+      raise "Socket is closed" if @conn.closed?
+
+      LOGGER.debug("SigHelper: Multiplexor listening")
+
+      # TODO: reopen socket if unexpectedly closed
+      spawn do
+        loop do
+          receive_data
+          Fiber.yield
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def send(request : Request)
+      transaction = Transaction.new
+      transaction_id = @prng.rand(TransactionID)
+
+      # Add transaction to queue
+      @mutex.synchronize do
+        # On a 32-bits random integer, this should never happen. Though, just in case, ...
+        if @queue[transaction_id]?
+          raise Exception.new("SigHelper: Duplicate transaction ID! You got a shiny pokemon!")
+        end
+
+        @queue[transaction_id] = transaction
+      end
+
+      write_packet(transaction_id, request)
+
+      return transaction.channel
+    end
+
+    def receive_data
+      transaction_id, slice = read_packet
+
+      @mutex.synchronize do
+        if transaction = @queue.delete(transaction_id)
+          # Remove transaction from queue and send data to the channel
+          transaction.channel.send(slice)
+          LOGGER.trace("SigHelper: Transaction unqueued and data sent to channel")
+        else
+          raise Exception.new("SigHelper: Received transaction was not in queue")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Read a single packet from the socket
+    private def read_packet : {TransactionID, Bytes}
+      # Header
+      transaction_id = @conn.read_bytes(UInt32, NetworkEndian)
+      length = @conn.read_bytes(UInt32, NetworkEndian)
+
+      LOGGER.trace("SigHelper: Recv transaction 0x#{transaction_id.to_s(base: 16)} / length #{length}")
+
+      if length > 67_000
+        raise Exception.new("SigHelper: Packet longer than expected (#{length})")
+      end
+
+      # Payload
+      slice = Bytes.new(length)
+      @conn.read(slice) if length > 0
+
+      LOGGER.trace("SigHelper: payload = #{slice}")
+      LOGGER.trace("SigHelper: Recv transaction 0x#{transaction_id.to_s(base: 16)} - Done")
+
+      return transaction_id, slice
+    end
+
+    # Write a single packet to the socket
+    private def write_packet(transaction_id : TransactionID, request : Request)
+      LOGGER.trace("SigHelper: Send transaction 0x#{transaction_id.to_s(base: 16)} / opcode #{request.opcode}")
+
+      io = IO::Memory.new(1024)
+      io.write_bytes(request.opcode.to_u8, NetworkEndian)
+      io.write_bytes(transaction_id, NetworkEndian)
+
+      if payload = request.payload
+        payload.to_io(io)
+      end
+
+      @conn.send(io)
+      @conn.flush
+
+      LOGGER.trace("SigHelper: Send transaction 0x#{transaction_id.to_s(base: 16)} - Done")
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Connection
+    @socket : UNIXSocket | TCPSocket
+
+    {% if flag?(:advanced_debug) %}
+      @io : IO::Hexdump
+    {% end %}
+
+    def initialize(host_or_path : String)
+      case host_or_path
+      when .starts_with?('/')
+        # Make sure that the file exists
+        if File.exists?(host_or_path)
+          @socket = UNIXSocket.new(host_or_path)
+        else
+          raise Exception.new("SigHelper: '#{host_or_path}' no such file")
+        end
+      when .starts_with?("tcp://")
+        uri = URI.parse(host_or_path)
+        @socket = TCPSocket.new(uri.host.not_nil!, uri.port.not_nil!)
+      else
+        uri = URI.parse("tcp://#{host_or_path}")
+        @socket = TCPSocket.new(uri.host.not_nil!, uri.port.not_nil!)
+      end
+      LOGGER.info("SigHelper: Using helper at '#{host_or_path}'")
+
+      {% if flag?(:advanced_debug) %}
+        @io = IO::Hexdump.new(@socket, output: STDERR, read: true, write: true)
+      {% end %}
+
+      @socket.sync = false
+      @socket.blocking = false
+    end
+
+    def closed? : Bool
+      return @socket.closed?
+    end
+
+    def close : Nil
+      @socket.close if !@socket.closed?
+    end
+
+    def flush(*args, **options)
+      @socket.flush(*args, **options)
+    end
+
+    def send(*args, **options)
+      @socket.send(*args, **options)
+    end
+
+    # Wrap IO functions, with added debug tooling if needed
+    {% for function in %w(read read_bytes write write_bytes) %}
+      def {{function.id}}(*args, **options)
+        {% if flag?(:advanced_debug) %}
+          @io.{{function.id}}(*args, **options)
+        {% else %}
+          @socket.{{function.id}}(*args, **options)
+        {% end %}
+      end
+    {% end %}
+  end
+end

src/invidious/helpers/signatures.cr

@@ -1,73 +1,55 @@
-alias SigProc = Proc(Array(String), Int32, Array(String))
+require "http/params"
+require "./sig_helper"
 
-struct DecryptFunction
+class Invidious::DecryptFunction
-  @decrypt_function = [] of {SigProc, Int32}
+  @last_update : Time = Time.utc - 42.days
-  @decrypt_time = Time.monotonic
 
-  def initialize(@use_polling = true)
+  def initialize(uri_or_path)
+    @client = SigHelper::Client.new(uri_or_path)
+    self.check_update
   end
 
-  def update_decrypt_function
+  def check_update
-    @decrypt_function = fetch_decrypt_function
+    now = Time.utc
-  end
 
-  private def fetch_decrypt_function(id = "CvFH_6DNRCY")
+    # If we have updated in the last 5 minutes, do nothing
-    document = YT_POOL.client &.get("/watch?v=#{id}&gl=US&hl=en").body
+    return if (now - @last_update) > 5.minutes
-    url = document.match(/src="(?<url>\/s\/player\/[^\/]+\/player_ias[^\/]+\/en_US\/base.js)"/).not_nil!["url"]
-    player = YT_POOL.client &.get(url).body
 
-    function_name = player.match(/^(?<name>[^=]+)=function\(\w\){\w=\w\.split\(""\);[^\. ]+\.[^( ]+/m).not_nil!["name"]
+    # Get the amount of time elapsed since when the player was updated, in the
-    function_body = player.match(/^#{Regex.escape(function_name)}=function\(\w\){(?<body>[^}]+)}/m).not_nil!["body"]
+    # event where multiple invidious processes are run in parallel.
-    function_body = function_body.split(";")[1..-2]
+    update_time_elapsed = (@client.get_player_timestamp || 301).seconds
 
-    var_name = function_body[0][0, 2]
+    if update_time_elapsed > 5.minutes
-    var_body = player.delete("\n").match(/var #{Regex.escape(var_name)}={(?<body>(.*?))};/).not_nil!["body"]
+      LOGGER.debug("Signature: Player might be outdated, updating")
-
+      @client.force_update
-    operations = {} of String => SigProc
+      @last_update = Time.utc
-    var_body.split("},").each do |operation|
-      op_name = operation.match(/^[^:]+/).not_nil![0]
-      op_body = operation.match(/\{[^}]+/).not_nil![0]
-
-      case op_body
-      when "{a.reverse()"
-        operations[op_name] = ->(a : Array(String), _b : Int32) { a.reverse }
-      when "{a.splice(0,b)"
-        operations[op_name] = ->(a : Array(String), b : Int32) { a.delete_at(0..(b - 1)); a }
-      else
-        operations[op_name] = ->(a : Array(String), b : Int32) { c = a[0]; a[0] = a[b % a.size]; a[b % a.size] = c; a }
     end
   end
 
-    decrypt_function = [] of {SigProc, Int32}
+  def decrypt_nsig(n : String) : String?
-    function_body.each do |function|
+    self.check_update
-      function = function.lchop(var_name).delete("[].")
+    return @client.decrypt_n_param(n)
-
+  rescue ex
-      op_name = function.match(/[^\(]+/).not_nil![0]
+    LOGGER.debug(ex.message || "Signature: Unknown error")
-      value = function.match(/\(\w,(?<value>[\d]+)\)/).not_nil!["value"].to_i
+    LOGGER.trace(ex.inspect_with_backtrace)
-
+    return nil
-      decrypt_function << {operations[op_name], value}
   end
 
-    return decrypt_function
+  def decrypt_signature(str : String) : String?
+    self.check_update
+    return @client.decrypt_sig(str)
+  rescue ex
+    LOGGER.debug(ex.message || "Signature: Unknown error")
+    LOGGER.trace(ex.inspect_with_backtrace)
+    return nil
   end
 
-  def decrypt_signature(fmt : Hash(String, JSON::Any))
+  def get_sts : UInt64?
-    return "" if !fmt["s"]? || !fmt["sp"]?
+    self.check_update
-
+    return @client.get_signature_timestamp
-    sp = fmt["sp"].as_s
+  rescue ex
-    sig = fmt["s"].as_s.split("")
+    LOGGER.debug(ex.message || "Signature: Unknown error")
-    if !@use_polling
+    LOGGER.trace(ex.inspect_with_backtrace)
-      now = Time.monotonic
+    return nil
-      if now - @decrypt_time > 60.seconds || @decrypt_function.size == 0
-        @decrypt_function = fetch_decrypt_function
-        @decrypt_time = Time.monotonic
-      end
-    end
-
-    @decrypt_function.each do |proc, value|
-      sig = proc.call(sig, value)
-    end
-
-    return "&#{sp}=#{sig.join("")}"
   end
 end

src/invidious/jobs/update_decrypt_function_job.cr

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-class Invidious::Jobs::UpdateDecryptFunctionJob < Invidious::Jobs::BaseJob
-  def begin
-    loop do
-      begin
-        DECRYPT_FUNCTION.update_decrypt_function
-      rescue ex
-        LOGGER.error("UpdateDecryptFunctionJob : #{ex.message}")
-      ensure
-        sleep 1.minute
-        Fiber.yield
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end

src/invidious/videos.cr

@@ -98,20 +98,47 @@ struct Video
 
   # Methods for parsing streaming data
 
+  def convert_url(fmt)
+    if cfr = fmt["signatureCipher"]?.try { |json| HTTP::Params.parse(json.as_s) }
+      sp = cfr["sp"]
+      url = URI.parse(cfr["url"])
+      params = url.query_params
+
+      LOGGER.debug("Videos: Decoding '#{cfr}'")
+
+      unsig = DECRYPT_FUNCTION.try &.decrypt_signature(cfr["s"])
+      params[sp] = unsig if unsig
+    else
+      url = URI.parse(fmt["url"].as_s)
+      params = url.query_params
+    end
+
+    n = DECRYPT_FUNCTION.try &.decrypt_nsig(params["n"])
+    params["n"] = n if n
+
+    params["host"] = url.host.not_nil!
+    if region = self.info["region"]?.try &.as_s
+      params["region"] = region
+    end
+
+    url.query_params = params
+    LOGGER.trace("Videos: new url is '#{url}'")
+
+    return url.to_s
+  rescue ex
+    LOGGER.debug("Videos: Error when parsing video URL")
+    LOGGER.trace(ex.inspect_with_backtrace)
+    return ""
+  end
+
   def fmt_stream
     return @fmt_stream.as(Array(Hash(String, JSON::Any))) if @fmt_stream
 
-    fmt_stream = info["streamingData"]?.try &.["formats"]?.try &.as_a.map &.as_h || [] of Hash(String, JSON::Any)
+    fmt_stream = info.dig?("streamingData", "formats")
-    fmt_stream.each do |fmt|
+      .try &.as_a.map &.as_h || [] of Hash(String, JSON::Any)
-      if s = (fmt["cipher"]? || fmt["signatureCipher"]?).try { |h| HTTP::Params.parse(h.as_s) }
-        s.each do |k, v|
-          fmt[k] = JSON::Any.new(v)
-        end
-        fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new("#{fmt["url"]}#{DECRYPT_FUNCTION.decrypt_signature(fmt)}")
-      end
 
-      fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new("#{fmt["url"]}&host=#{URI.parse(fmt["url"].as_s).host}")
+    fmt_stream.each do |fmt|
-      fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new("#{fmt["url"]}&region=#{self.info["region"]}") if self.info["region"]?
+      fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new(self.convert_url(fmt))
     end
 
     fmt_stream.sort_by! { |f| f["width"]?.try &.as_i || 0 }
@@ -121,21 +148,17 @@ struct Video
 
   def adaptive_fmts
     return @adaptive_fmts.as(Array(Hash(String, JSON::Any))) if @adaptive_fmts
-    fmt_stream = info["streamingData"]?.try &.["adaptiveFormats"]?.try &.as_a.map &.as_h || [] of Hash(String, JSON::Any)
-    fmt_stream.each do |fmt|
-      if s = (fmt["cipher"]? || fmt["signatureCipher"]?).try { |h| HTTP::Params.parse(h.as_s) }
-        s.each do |k, v|
-          fmt[k] = JSON::Any.new(v)
-        end
-        fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new("#{fmt["url"]}#{DECRYPT_FUNCTION.decrypt_signature(fmt)}")
-      end
 
-      fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new("#{fmt["url"]}&host=#{URI.parse(fmt["url"].as_s).host}")
+    fmt_stream = info.dig("streamingData", "adaptiveFormats")
-      fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new("#{fmt["url"]}&region=#{self.info["region"]}") if self.info["region"]?
+      .try &.as_a.map &.as_h || [] of Hash(String, JSON::Any)
+
+    fmt_stream.each do |fmt|
+      fmt["url"] = JSON::Any.new(self.convert_url(fmt))
     end
 
     fmt_stream.sort_by! { |f| f["width"]?.try &.as_i || 0 }
     @adaptive_fmts = fmt_stream
+
     return @adaptive_fmts.as(Array(Hash(String, JSON::Any)))
   end
 

src/invidious/yt_backend/youtube_api.cr

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ module YoutubeAPI
   # Return, as a Hash, the "context" data required to request the
   # youtube API endpoints.
   #
-  private def make_context(client_config : ClientConfig | Nil) : Hash
+  private def make_context(client_config : ClientConfig | Nil, video_id = "dQw4w9WgXcQ") : Hash
     # Use the default client config if nil is passed
     client_config ||= DEFAULT_CLIENT_CONFIG
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ module YoutubeAPI
 
     if client_config.screen == "EMBED"
       client_context["thirdParty"] = {
-        "embedUrl" => "https://www.youtube.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ",
+        "embedUrl" => "https://www.youtube.com/embed/#{video_id}",
       } of String => String | Int64
     end
 
@@ -453,19 +453,29 @@ module YoutubeAPI
     params : String,
     client_config : ClientConfig | Nil = nil
   )
+    # Playback context, separate because it can be different between clients
+    playback_ctx = {
+      "html5Preference" => "HTML5_PREF_WANTS",
+      "referer"         => "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=#{video_id}",
+    } of String => String | Int64
+
+    if {"WEB", "TVHTML5"}.any? { |s| client_config.name.starts_with? s }
+      if sts = DECRYPT_FUNCTION.try &.get_sts
+        playback_ctx["signatureTimestamp"] = sts.to_i64
+      end
+    end
+
     # JSON Request data, required by the API
     data = {
       "contentCheckOk" => true,
       "videoId"        => video_id,
-      "context"        => self.make_context(client_config),
+      "context"        => self.make_context(client_config, video_id),
       "racyCheckOk"    => true,
       "user"           => {
         "lockedSafetyMode" => false,
       },
       "playbackContext" => {
-        "contentPlaybackContext" => {
+        "contentPlaybackContext" => playback_ctx,
-          "html5Preference": "HTML5_PREF_WANTS",
-        },
       },
     }