// tinyformat.h
// Copyright (C) 2011, Chris Foster [chris42f (at) gmail (d0t) com]
//
// Boost Software License - Version 1.0
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
// obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
// this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
// execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
// Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
// do so, all subject to the following:
//
// The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
// the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
// must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
// all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
// works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
// a source language processor.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
// SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
// ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
// DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tinyformat: A minimal type safe printf replacement
//
// tinyformat.h is a type safe printf replacement library in a single C++
// header file.  Design goals include:
//
// * Type safety and extensibility for user defined types.
// * C99 printf() compatibility, to the extent possible using std::ostream
// * POSIX extension for positional arguments
// * Simplicity and minimalism.  A single header file to include and distribute
//   with your projects.
// * Augment rather than replace the standard stream formatting mechanism
// * C++98 support, with optional C++11 niceties
//
//
// Main interface example usage
// ----------------------------
//
// To print a date to std::cout for American usage:
//
//   std::string weekday = "Wednesday";
//   const char* month = "July";
//   size_t day = 27;
//   long hour = 14;
//   int min = 44;
//
//   tfm::printf("%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", weekday, month, day, hour, min);
//
// POSIX extension for positional arguments is available.
// The ability to rearrange formatting arguments is an important feature
// for localization because the word order may vary in different languages.
//
// Previous example for German usage. Arguments are reordered:
//
//   tfm::printf("%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n", weekday, month, day, hour, min);
//
// The strange types here emphasize the type safety of the interface; it is
// possible to print a std::string using the "%s" conversion, and a
// size_t using the "%d" conversion.  A similar result could be achieved
// using either of the tfm::format() functions.  One prints on a user provided
// stream:
//
//   tfm::format(std::cerr, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n",
//               weekday, month, day, hour, min);
//
// The other returns a std::string:
//
//   std::string date = tfm::format("%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n",
//                                  weekday, month, day, hour, min);
//   std::cout << date;
//
// These are the three primary interface functions.  There is also a
// convenience function printfln() which appends a newline to the usual result
// of printf() for super simple logging.
//
//
// User defined format functions
// -----------------------------
//
// Simulating variadic templates in C++98 is pretty painful since it requires
// writing out the same function for each desired number of arguments.  To make
// this bearable tinyformat comes with a set of macros which are used
// internally to generate the API, but which may also be used in user code.
//
// The three macros TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n), TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n) and
// TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n) will generate a list of n argument types,
// type/name pairs and argument names respectively when called with an integer
// n between 1 and 16.  We can use these to define a macro which generates the
// desired user defined function with n arguments.  To generate all 16 user
// defined function bodies, use the macro TINYFORMAT_FOREACH_ARGNUM.  For an
// example, see the implementation of printf() at the end of the source file.
//
// Sometimes it's useful to be able to pass a list of format arguments through
// to a non-template function.  The FormatList class is provided as a way to do
// this by storing the argument list in a type-opaque way.  Continuing the
// example from above, we construct a FormatList using makeFormatList():
//
//   FormatListRef formatList = tfm::makeFormatList(weekday, month, day, hour, min);
//
// The format list can now be passed into any non-template function and used
// via a call to the vformat() function:
//
//   tfm::vformat(std::cout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", formatList);
//
//
// Additional API information
// --------------------------
//
// Error handling: Define TINYFORMAT_ERROR to customize the error handling for
// format strings which are unsupported or have the wrong number of format
// specifiers (calls assert() by default).
//
// User defined types: Uses operator<< for user defined types by default.
// Overload formatValue() for more control.

#ifndef TINYFORMAT_H_INCLUDED
#define TINYFORMAT_H_INCLUDED

namespace tinyformat {}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Config section.  Customize to your liking!

// Namespace alias to encourage brevity
namespace tfm = tinyformat;

// Error handling; calls assert() by default.
// #define TINYFORMAT_ERROR(reasonString) your_error_handler(reasonString)

// Define for C++11 variadic templates which make the code shorter & more
// general.  If you don't define this, C++11 support is autodetected below.
// #define TINYFORMAT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Implementation details.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>

#ifndef TINYFORMAT_ASSERT
#include <cassert>
#define TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(cond) assert(cond)
#endif

#ifndef TINYFORMAT_ERROR
#include <cassert>
#define TINYFORMAT_ERROR(reason) assert(0 && reason)
#endif

#if !defined(TINYFORMAT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES) && !defined(TINYFORMAT_NO_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES)
#ifdef __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
#define TINYFORMAT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
#endif
#endif

#if defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __GLIBCXX__ < 20080201
//  std::showpos is broken on old libstdc++ as provided with macOS.  See
//  http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2007-11/msg00075.html
#define TINYFORMAT_OLD_LIBSTDCPLUSPLUS_WORKAROUND
#endif

#ifdef __APPLE__
// Workaround macOS linker warning: Xcode uses different default symbol
// visibilities for static libs vs executables (see issue #25)
#define TINYFORMAT_HIDDEN __attribute__((visibility("hidden")))
#else
#define TINYFORMAT_HIDDEN
#endif

namespace tinyformat {

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace detail {

// Test whether type T1 is convertible to type T2
template <typename T1, typename T2>
struct is_convertible {
  private:
    // two types of different size
    struct fail {
        char dummy[2];
    };
    struct succeed {
        char dummy;
    };
    // Try to convert a T1 to a T2 by plugging into tryConvert
    static fail tryConvert(...);
    static succeed tryConvert(const T2&);
    static const T1& makeT1();

  public:
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    // Disable spurious loss of precision warnings in tryConvert(makeT1())
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4244)
#pragma warning(disable : 4267)
#endif
    // Standard trick: the (...) version of tryConvert will be chosen from
    // the overload set only if the version taking a T2 doesn't match.
    // Then we compare the sizes of the return types to check which
    // function matched.  Very neat, in a disgusting kind of way :)
    static const bool value = sizeof(tryConvert(makeT1())) == sizeof(succeed);
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif
};

// Detect when a type is not a wchar_t string
template <typename T>
struct is_wchar {
    typedef int tinyformat_wchar_is_not_supported;
};
template <>
struct is_wchar<wchar_t*> {};
template <>
struct is_wchar<const wchar_t*> {};
template <int n>
struct is_wchar<const wchar_t[n]> {};
template <int n>
struct is_wchar<wchar_t[n]> {};

// Format the value by casting to type fmtT.  This default implementation
// should never be called.
template <typename T, typename fmtT, bool convertible = is_convertible<T, fmtT>::value>
struct formatValueAsType {
    static void invoke(std::ostream& /*out*/, const T& /*value*/) {
        TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(0);
    }
};
// Specialized version for types that can actually be converted to fmtT, as
// indicated by the "convertible" template parameter.
template <typename T, typename fmtT>
struct formatValueAsType<T, fmtT, true> {
    static void invoke(std::ostream& out, const T& value) {
        out << static_cast<fmtT>(value);
    }
};

#ifdef TINYFORMAT_OLD_LIBSTDCPLUSPLUS_WORKAROUND
template <typename T, bool convertible = is_convertible<T, int>::value>
struct formatZeroIntegerWorkaround {
    static bool invoke(std::ostream& /**/, const T& /**/) {
        return false;
    }
};
template <typename T>
struct formatZeroIntegerWorkaround<T, true> {
    static bool invoke(std::ostream& out, const T& value) {
        if (static_cast<int>(value) == 0 && out.flags() & std::ios::showpos) {
            out << "+0";
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
};
#endif  // TINYFORMAT_OLD_LIBSTDCPLUSPLUS_WORKAROUND

// Convert an arbitrary type to integer.  The version with convertible=false
// throws an error.
template <typename T, bool convertible = is_convertible<T, int>::value>
struct convertToInt {
    static int invoke(const T& /*value*/) {
        TINYFORMAT_ERROR(
            "tinyformat: Cannot convert from argument type to "
            "integer for use as variable width or precision");
        return 0;
    }
};
// Specialization for convertToInt when conversion is possible
template <typename T>
struct convertToInt<T, true> {
    static int invoke(const T& value) {
        return static_cast<int>(value);
    }
};

// Format at most ntrunc characters to the given stream.
template <typename T>
inline void formatTruncated(std::ostream& out, const T& value, int ntrunc) {
    std::ostringstream tmp;
    tmp << value;
    std::string result = tmp.str();
    out.write(result.c_str(), (std::min)(ntrunc, static_cast<int>(result.size())));
}
#define TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMAT_TRUNCATED_CSTR(type)                         \
    inline void formatTruncated(std::ostream& out, type* value, int ntrunc) { \
        std::streamsize len = 0;                                              \
        while (len < ntrunc && value[len] != 0) ++len;                        \
        out.write(value, len);                                                \
    }
// Overload for const char* and char*.  Could overload for signed & unsigned
// char too, but these are technically unneeded for printf compatibility.
TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMAT_TRUNCATED_CSTR(const char)
TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMAT_TRUNCATED_CSTR(char)
#undef TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMAT_TRUNCATED_CSTR

}  // namespace detail

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Variable formatting functions.  May be overridden for user-defined types if
// desired.

/// Format a value into a stream, delegating to operator<< by default.
///
/// Users may override this for their own types.  When this function is called,
/// the stream flags will have been modified according to the format string.
/// The format specification is provided in the range [fmtBegin, fmtEnd).  For
/// truncating conversions, ntrunc is set to the desired maximum number of
/// characters, for example "%.7s" calls formatValue with ntrunc = 7.
///
/// By default, formatValue() uses the usual stream insertion operator
/// operator<< to format the type T, with special cases for the %c and %p
/// conversions.
template <typename T>
inline void formatValue(std::ostream& out, const char* /*fmtBegin*/, const char* fmtEnd, int ntrunc, const T& value) {
#ifndef TINYFORMAT_ALLOW_WCHAR_STRINGS
    // Since we don't support printing of wchar_t using "%ls", make it fail at
    // compile time in preference to printing as a void* at runtime.
    typedef typename detail::is_wchar<T>::tinyformat_wchar_is_not_supported DummyType;
    (void)DummyType();  // avoid unused type warning with gcc-4.8
#endif
    // The mess here is to support the %c and %p conversions: if these
    // conversions are active we try to convert the type to a char or const
    // void* respectively and format that instead of the value itself.  For the
    // %p conversion it's important to avoid dereferencing the pointer, which
    // could otherwise lead to a crash when printing a dangling (const char*).
    const bool canConvertToChar = detail::is_convertible<T, char>::value;
    const bool canConvertToVoidPtr = detail::is_convertible<T, const void*>::value;
    if (canConvertToChar && *(fmtEnd - 1) == 'c')
        detail::formatValueAsType<T, char>::invoke(out, value);
    else if (canConvertToVoidPtr && *(fmtEnd - 1) == 'p')
        detail::formatValueAsType<T, const void*>::invoke(out, value);
#ifdef TINYFORMAT_OLD_LIBSTDCPLUSPLUS_WORKAROUND
    else if (detail::formatZeroIntegerWorkaround<T>::invoke(out, value)) /**/
        ;
#endif
    else if (ntrunc >= 0) {
        // Take care not to overread C strings in truncating conversions like
        // "%.4s" where at most 4 characters may be read.
        detail::formatTruncated(out, value, ntrunc);
    } else
        out << value;
}

// Overloaded version for char types to support printing as an integer
#define TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMATVALUE_CHAR(charType)                                                   \
    inline void formatValue(std::ostream& out, const char* /*fmtBegin*/, const char* fmtEnd, int /**/, \
                            charType value) {                                                          \
        switch (*(fmtEnd - 1)) {                                                                       \
            case 'u':                                                                                  \
            case 'd':                                                                                  \
            case 'i':                                                                                  \
            case 'o':                                                                                  \
            case 'X':                                                                                  \
            case 'x':                                                                                  \
                out << static_cast<int>(value);                                                        \
                break;                                                                                 \
            default:                                                                                   \
                out << value;                                                                          \
                break;                                                                                 \
        }                                                                                              \
    }
// per 3.9.1: char, signed char and unsigned char are all distinct types
TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMATVALUE_CHAR(char)
TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMATVALUE_CHAR(signed char)
TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMATVALUE_CHAR(unsigned char)
#undef TINYFORMAT_DEFINE_FORMATVALUE_CHAR

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tools for emulating variadic templates in C++98.  The basic idea here is
// stolen from the boost preprocessor metaprogramming library and cut down to
// be just general enough for what we need.

#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n) TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_##n
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n) TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_##n
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n) TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_##n
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL(n) TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_##n

// To keep it as transparent as possible, the macros below have been generated
// using python via the excellent cog.py code generation script.  This avoids
// the need for a bunch of complex (but more general) preprocessor tricks as
// used in boost.preprocessor.
//
// To rerun the code generation in place, use `cog.py -r tinyformat.h`
// (see http://nedbatchelder.com/code/cog).  Alternatively you can just create
// extra versions by hand.

/*[[[cog
maxParams = 16

def makeCommaSepLists(lineTemplate, elemTemplate, startInd=1):
    for j in range(startInd,maxParams+1):
        list = ', '.join([elemTemplate % {'i':i} for i in range(startInd,j+1)])
        cog.outl(lineTemplate % {'j':j, 'list':list})

makeCommaSepLists('#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_%(j)d %(list)s',
                  'class T%(i)d')

cog.outl()
makeCommaSepLists('#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_%(j)d %(list)s',
                  'const T%(i)d& v%(i)d')

cog.outl()
makeCommaSepLists('#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_%(j)d %(list)s', 'v%(i)d')

cog.outl()
cog.outl('#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_1')
makeCommaSepLists('#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_%(j)d , %(list)s',
                  'v%(i)d', startInd = 2)

cog.outl()
cog.outl('#define TINYFORMAT_FOREACH_ARGNUM(m) \\\n    ' +
         ' '.join(['m(%d)' % (j,) for j in range(1,maxParams+1)]))
]]]*/
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_1 class T1
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_2 class T1, class T2
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_3 class T1, class T2, class T3
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_4 class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_5 class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_6 class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_7 class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_8 class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_9 class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_10 \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_11 \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10, class T11
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_12                                                                                      \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10, class T11, \
        class T12
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_13                                                                                      \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10, class T11, \
        class T12, class T13
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_14                                                                                      \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10, class T11, \
        class T12, class T13, class T14
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_15                                                                                      \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10, class T11, \
        class T12, class T13, class T14, class T15
#define TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES_16                                                                                      \
    class T1, class T2, class T3, class T4, class T5, class T6, class T7, class T8, class T9, class T10, class T11, \
        class T12, class T13, class T14, class T15, class T16

#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_1 const T1& v1
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_2 const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_3 const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_4 const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_5 const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_6 const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_7 \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_8 \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_9                                                                                        \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_10                                                                                       \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_11                                                                                       \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10, const T11 &v11
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_12                                                                                       \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10, const T11 &v11, const T12 &v12
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_13                                                                                       \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10, const T11 &v11, const T12 &v12, const T13 &v13
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_14                                                                                       \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10, const T11 &v11, const T12 &v12, const T13 &v13, const T14 &v14
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_15                                                                                       \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8, \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10, const T11 &v11, const T12 &v12, const T13 &v13, const T14 &v14, const T15 &v15
#define TINYFORMAT_VARARGS_16                                                                                         \
    const T1 &v1, const T2 &v2, const T3 &v3, const T4 &v4, const T5 &v5, const T6 &v6, const T7 &v7, const T8 &v8,   \
        const T9 &v9, const T10 &v10, const T11 &v11, const T12 &v12, const T13 &v13, const T14 &v14, const T15 &v15, \
        const T16 &v16

#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_1 v1
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_2 v1, v2
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_3 v1, v2, v3
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_4 v1, v2, v3, v4
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_5 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_6 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_7 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_8 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_9 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_10 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_11 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_12 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_13 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_14 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_15 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_16 v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16

#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_1
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_2 , v2
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_3 , v2, v3
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_4 , v2, v3, v4
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_5 , v2, v3, v4, v5
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_6 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_7 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_8 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_9 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_10 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_11 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_12 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_13 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_14 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_15 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15
#define TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL_16 , v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9, v10, v11, v12, v13, v14, v15, v16

#define TINYFORMAT_FOREACH_ARGNUM(m) \
    m(1) m(2) m(3) m(4) m(5) m(6) m(7) m(8) m(9) m(10) m(11) m(12) m(13) m(14) m(15) m(16)
//[[[end]]]

namespace detail {

// Type-opaque holder for an argument to format(), with associated actions on
// the type held as explicit function pointers.  This allows FormatArg's for
// each argument to be allocated as a homogeneous array inside FormatList
// whereas a naive implementation based on inheritance does not.
class FormatArg {
  public:
    FormatArg() : m_value(NULL), m_formatImpl(NULL), m_toIntImpl(NULL) {}

    template <typename T>
    FormatArg(const T& value)
        : m_value(static_cast<const void*>(&value)), m_formatImpl(&formatImpl<T>), m_toIntImpl(&toIntImpl<T>) {}

    void format(std::ostream& out, const char* fmtBegin, const char* fmtEnd, int ntrunc) const {
        TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(m_value);
        TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(m_formatImpl);
        m_formatImpl(out, fmtBegin, fmtEnd, ntrunc, m_value);
    }

    int toInt() const {
        TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(m_value);
        TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(m_toIntImpl);
        return m_toIntImpl(m_value);
    }

  private:
    template <typename T>
    TINYFORMAT_HIDDEN static void formatImpl(std::ostream& out, const char* fmtBegin, const char* fmtEnd, int ntrunc,
                                             const void* value) {
        formatValue(out, fmtBegin, fmtEnd, ntrunc, *static_cast<const T*>(value));
    }

    template <typename T>
    TINYFORMAT_HIDDEN static int toIntImpl(const void* value) {
        return convertToInt<T>::invoke(*static_cast<const T*>(value));
    }

    const void* m_value;
    void (*m_formatImpl)(std::ostream& out, const char* fmtBegin, const char* fmtEnd, int ntrunc, const void* value);
    int (*m_toIntImpl)(const void* value);
};

// Parse and return an integer from the string c, as atoi()
// On return, c is set to one past the end of the integer.
inline int parseIntAndAdvance(const char*& c) {
    int i = 0;
    for (; *c >= '0' && *c <= '9'; ++c) i = 10 * i + (*c - '0');
    return i;
}

// Parse width or precision `n` from format string pointer `c`, and advance it
// to the next character. If an indirection is requested with `*`, the argument
// is read from `args[argIndex]` and `argIndex` is incremented (or read
// from `args[n]` in positional mode). Returns true if one or more
// characters were read.
inline bool parseWidthOrPrecision(int& n, const char*& c, bool positionalMode, const detail::FormatArg* args,
                                  int& argIndex, int numArgs) {
    if (*c >= '0' && *c <= '9') {
        n = parseIntAndAdvance(c);
    } else if (*c == '*') {
        ++c;
        n = 0;
        if (positionalMode) {
            int pos = parseIntAndAdvance(c) - 1;
            if (*c != '$') TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Non-positional argument used after a positional one");
            if (pos >= 0 && pos < numArgs)
                n = args[pos].toInt();
            else
                TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Positional argument out of range");
            ++c;
        } else {
            if (argIndex < numArgs)
                n = args[argIndex++].toInt();
            else
                TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Not enough arguments to read variable width or precision");
        }
    } else {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

// Print literal part of format string and return next format spec position.
//
// Skips over any occurrences of '%%', printing a literal '%' to the output.
// The position of the first % character of the next nontrivial format spec is
// returned, or the end of string.
inline const char* printFormatStringLiteral(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt) {
    const char* c = fmt;
    for (;; ++c) {
        if (*c == '\0') {
            out.write(fmt, c - fmt);
            return c;
        } else if (*c == '%') {
            out.write(fmt, c - fmt);
            if (*(c + 1) != '%') return c;
            // for "%%", tack trailing % onto next literal section.
            fmt = ++c;
        }
    }
}

// Parse a format string and set the stream state accordingly.
//
// The format mini-language recognized here is meant to be the one from C99,
// with the form "%[flags][width][.precision][length]type" with POSIX
// positional arguments extension.
//
// POSIX positional arguments extension:
// Conversions can be applied to the nth argument after the format in
// the argument list, rather than to the next unused argument. In this case,
// the conversion specifier character % (see below) is replaced by the sequence
// "%n$", where n is a decimal integer in the range [1,{NL_ARGMAX}],
// giving the position of the argument in the argument list. This feature
// provides for the definition of format strings that select arguments
// in an order appropriate to specific languages.
//
// The format can contain either numbered argument conversion specifications
// (that is, "%n$" and "*m$"), or unnumbered argument conversion specifications
// (that is, % and * ), but not both. The only exception to this is that %%
// can be mixed with the "%n$" form. The results of mixing numbered and
// unnumbered argument specifications in a format string are undefined.
// When numbered argument specifications are used, specifying the Nth argument
// requires that all the leading arguments, from the first to the (N-1)th,
// are specified in the format string.
//
// In format strings containing the "%n$" form of conversion specification,
// numbered arguments in the argument list can be referenced from the format
// string as many times as required.
//
// Formatting options which can't be natively represented using the ostream
// state are returned in spacePadPositive (for space padded positive numbers)
// and ntrunc (for truncating conversions).  argIndex is incremented if
// necessary to pull out variable width and precision.  The function returns a
// pointer to the character after the end of the current format spec.
inline const char* streamStateFromFormat(std::ostream& out, bool& positionalMode, bool& spacePadPositive, int& ntrunc,
                                         const char* fmtStart, const detail::FormatArg* args, int& argIndex,
                                         int numArgs) {
    TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(*fmtStart == '%');
    // Reset stream state to defaults.
    out.width(0);
    out.precision(6);
    out.fill(' ');
    // Reset most flags; ignore irrelevant unitbuf & skipws.
    out.unsetf(std::ios::adjustfield | std::ios::basefield | std::ios::floatfield | std::ios::showbase |
               std::ios::boolalpha | std::ios::showpoint | std::ios::showpos | std::ios::uppercase);
    bool precisionSet = false;
    bool widthSet = false;
    int widthExtra = 0;
    const char* c = fmtStart + 1;

    // 1) Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
    // preceded with '0' flag.
    if (*c >= '0' && *c <= '9') {
        const char tmpc = *c;
        int value = parseIntAndAdvance(c);
        if (*c == '$') {
            // value is an argument index
            if (value > 0 && value <= numArgs)
                argIndex = value - 1;
            else
                TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Positional argument out of range");
            ++c;
            positionalMode = true;
        } else if (positionalMode) {
            TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Non-positional argument used after a positional one");
        } else {
            if (tmpc == '0') {
                // Use internal padding so that numeric values are
                // formatted correctly, eg -00010 rather than 000-10
                out.fill('0');
                out.setf(std::ios::internal, std::ios::adjustfield);
            }
            if (value != 0) {
                // Nonzero value means that we parsed width.
                widthSet = true;
                out.width(value);
            }
        }
    } else if (positionalMode) {
        TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Non-positional argument used after a positional one");
    }
    // 2) Parse flags and width if we did not do it in previous step.
    if (!widthSet) {
        // Parse flags
        for (;; ++c) {
            switch (*c) {
                case '#':
                    out.setf(std::ios::showpoint | std::ios::showbase);
                    continue;
                case '0':
                    // overridden by left alignment ('-' flag)
                    if (!(out.flags() & std::ios::left)) {
                        // Use internal padding so that numeric values are
                        // formatted correctly, eg -00010 rather than 000-10
                        out.fill('0');
                        out.setf(std::ios::internal, std::ios::adjustfield);
                    }
                    continue;
                case '-':
                    out.fill(' ');
                    out.setf(std::ios::left, std::ios::adjustfield);
                    continue;
                case ' ':
                    // overridden by show positive sign, '+' flag.
                    if (!(out.flags() & std::ios::showpos)) spacePadPositive = true;
                    continue;
                case '+':
                    out.setf(std::ios::showpos);
                    spacePadPositive = false;
                    widthExtra = 1;
                    continue;
                default:
                    break;
            }
            break;
        }
        // Parse width
        int width = 0;
        widthSet = parseWidthOrPrecision(width, c, positionalMode, args, argIndex, numArgs);
        if (widthSet) {
            if (width < 0) {
                // negative widths correspond to '-' flag set
                out.fill(' ');
                out.setf(std::ios::left, std::ios::adjustfield);
                width = -width;
            }
            out.width(width);
        }
    }
    // 3) Parse precision
    if (*c == '.') {
        ++c;
        int precision = 0;
        parseWidthOrPrecision(precision, c, positionalMode, args, argIndex, numArgs);
        // Presence of `.` indicates precision set, unless the inferred value
        // was negative in which case the default is used.
        precisionSet = precision >= 0;
        if (precisionSet) out.precision(precision);
    }
    // 4) Ignore any C99 length modifier
    while (*c == 'l' || *c == 'h' || *c == 'L' || *c == 'j' || *c == 'z' || *c == 't') {
        ++c;
    }
    // 5) We're up to the conversion specifier character.
    // Set stream flags based on conversion specifier (thanks to the
    // boost::format class for forging the way here).
    bool intConversion = false;
    switch (*c) {
        case 'u':
        case 'd':
        case 'i':
            out.setf(std::ios::dec, std::ios::basefield);
            intConversion = true;
            break;
        case 'o':
            out.setf(std::ios::oct, std::ios::basefield);
            intConversion = true;
            break;
        case 'X':
            out.setf(std::ios::uppercase);
            // Falls through
        case 'x':
        case 'p':
            out.setf(std::ios::hex, std::ios::basefield);
            intConversion = true;
            break;
        case 'E':
            out.setf(std::ios::uppercase);
            // Falls through
        case 'e':
            out.setf(std::ios::scientific, std::ios::floatfield);
            out.setf(std::ios::dec, std::ios::basefield);
            break;
        case 'F':
            out.setf(std::ios::uppercase);
            // Falls through
        case 'f':
            out.setf(std::ios::fixed, std::ios::floatfield);
            break;
        case 'A':
            out.setf(std::ios::uppercase);
            // Falls through
        case 'a':
#ifdef _MSC_VER
            // Workaround
            // https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/520472/hexfloat-stream-output-does-not-ignore-precision-a.html
            // by always setting maximum precision on MSVC to avoid precision
            // loss for doubles.
            out.precision(13);
#endif
            out.setf(std::ios::fixed | std::ios::scientific, std::ios::floatfield);
            break;
        case 'G':
            out.setf(std::ios::uppercase);
            // Falls through
        case 'g':
            out.setf(std::ios::dec, std::ios::basefield);
            // As in boost::format, let stream decide float format.
            out.flags(out.flags() & ~std::ios::floatfield);
            break;
        case 'c':
            // Handled as special case inside formatValue()
            break;
        case 's':
            if (precisionSet) ntrunc = static_cast<int>(out.precision());
            // Make %s print Booleans as "true" and "false"
            out.setf(std::ios::boolalpha);
            break;
        case 'n':
            // Not supported - will cause problems!
            TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: %n conversion spec not supported");
            break;
        case '\0':
            TINYFORMAT_ERROR(
                "tinyformat: Conversion spec incorrectly "
                "terminated by end of string");
            return c;
        default:
            break;
    }
    if (intConversion && precisionSet && !widthSet) {
        // "precision" for integers gives the minimum number of digits (to be
        // padded with zeros on the left).  This isn't really supported by the
        // iostreams, but we can approximately simulate it with the width if
        // the width isn't otherwise used.
        out.width(out.precision() + widthExtra);
        out.setf(std::ios::internal, std::ios::adjustfield);
        out.fill('0');
    }
    return c + 1;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
inline void formatImpl(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt, const detail::FormatArg* args, int numArgs) {
    // Saved stream state
    std::streamsize origWidth = out.width();
    std::streamsize origPrecision = out.precision();
    std::ios::fmtflags origFlags = out.flags();
    char origFill = out.fill();

    // "Positional mode" means all format specs should be of the form "%n$..."
    // with `n` an integer. We detect this in `streamStateFromFormat`.
    bool positionalMode = false;
    int argIndex = 0;
    while (true) {
        fmt = printFormatStringLiteral(out, fmt);
        if (*fmt == '\0') {
            if (!positionalMode && argIndex < numArgs) {
                TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Not enough conversion specifiers in format string");
            }
            break;
        }
        bool spacePadPositive = false;
        int ntrunc = -1;
        const char* fmtEnd =
            streamStateFromFormat(out, positionalMode, spacePadPositive, ntrunc, fmt, args, argIndex, numArgs);
        // NB: argIndex may be incremented by reading variable width/precision
        // in `streamStateFromFormat`, so do the bounds check here.
        if (argIndex >= numArgs) {
            TINYFORMAT_ERROR("tinyformat: Too many conversion specifiers in format string");
            return;
        }
        const FormatArg& arg = args[argIndex];
        // Format the arg into the stream.
        if (!spacePadPositive) {
            arg.format(out, fmt, fmtEnd, ntrunc);
        } else {
            // The following is a special case with no direct correspondence
            // between stream formatting and the printf() behaviour.  Simulate
            // it crudely by formatting into a temporary string stream and
            // munging the resulting string.
            std::ostringstream tmpStream;
            tmpStream.copyfmt(out);
            tmpStream.setf(std::ios::showpos);
            arg.format(tmpStream, fmt, fmtEnd, ntrunc);
            std::string result = tmpStream.str();  // allocates... yuck.
            for (size_t i = 0, iend = result.size(); i < iend; ++i) {
                if (result[i] == '+') result[i] = ' ';
            }
            out << result;
        }
        if (!positionalMode) ++argIndex;
        fmt = fmtEnd;
    }

    // Restore stream state
    out.width(origWidth);
    out.precision(origPrecision);
    out.flags(origFlags);
    out.fill(origFill);
}

}  // namespace detail

/// List of template arguments format(), held in a type-opaque way.
///
/// A const reference to FormatList (typedef'd as FormatListRef) may be
/// conveniently used to pass arguments to non-template functions: All type
/// information has been stripped from the arguments, leaving just enough of a
/// common interface to perform formatting as required.
class FormatList {
  public:
    FormatList(detail::FormatArg* args, int N) : m_args(args), m_N(N) {}

    friend void vformat(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt, const FormatList& list);

  private:
    const detail::FormatArg* m_args;
    int m_N;
};

/// Reference to type-opaque format list for passing to vformat()
typedef const FormatList& FormatListRef;

namespace detail {

// Format list subclass with fixed storage to avoid dynamic allocation
template <int N>
class FormatListN : public FormatList {
  public:
#ifdef TINYFORMAT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
    template <typename... Args>
    FormatListN(const Args&... args) : FormatList(&m_formatterStore[0], N), m_formatterStore{FormatArg(args)...} {
        static_assert(sizeof...(args) == N, "Number of args must be N");
    }
#else  // C++98 version
    void init(int) {}
#define TINYFORMAT_MAKE_FORMATLIST_CONSTRUCTOR(n)                              \
                                                                               \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                                          \
    FormatListN(TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) : FormatList(&m_formatterStore[0], n) { \
        TINYFORMAT_ASSERT(n == N);                                             \
        init(0, TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n));                                       \
    }                                                                          \
                                                                               \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                                          \
    void init(int i, TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) {                                  \
        m_formatterStore[i] = FormatArg(v1);                                   \
        init(i + 1 TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS_TAIL(n));                               \
    }

    TINYFORMAT_FOREACH_ARGNUM(TINYFORMAT_MAKE_FORMATLIST_CONSTRUCTOR)
#undef TINYFORMAT_MAKE_FORMATLIST_CONSTRUCTOR
#endif

  private:
    FormatArg m_formatterStore[N];
};

// Special 0-arg version - MSVC says zero-sized C array in struct is nonstandard
template <>
class FormatListN<0> : public FormatList {
  public:
    FormatListN() : FormatList(0, 0) {}
};

}  // namespace detail

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Primary API functions

#ifdef TINYFORMAT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES

/// Make type-agnostic format list from list of template arguments.
///
/// The exact return type of this function is an implementation detail and
/// shouldn't be relied upon.  Instead it should be stored as a FormatListRef:
///
///   FormatListRef formatList = makeFormatList( /*...*/ );
template <typename... Args>
detail::FormatListN<sizeof...(Args)> makeFormatList(const Args&... args) {
    return detail::FormatListN<sizeof...(args)>(args...);
}

#else  // C++98 version

inline detail::FormatListN<0> makeFormatList() {
    return detail::FormatListN<0>();
}
#define TINYFORMAT_MAKE_MAKEFORMATLIST(n)                          \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                              \
    detail::FormatListN<n> makeFormatList(TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) { \
        return detail::FormatListN<n>(TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n));     \
    }
TINYFORMAT_FOREACH_ARGNUM(TINYFORMAT_MAKE_MAKEFORMATLIST)
#undef TINYFORMAT_MAKE_MAKEFORMATLIST

#endif

/// Format list of arguments to the stream according to the given format string.
///
/// The name vformat() is chosen for the semantic similarity to vprintf(): the
/// list of format arguments is held in a single function argument.
inline void vformat(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt, FormatListRef list) {
    detail::formatImpl(out, fmt, list.m_args, list.m_N);
}

#ifdef TINYFORMAT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES

/// Format list of arguments to the stream according to given format string.
template <typename... Args>
void format(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    vformat(out, fmt, makeFormatList(args...));
}

/// Format list of arguments according to the given format string and return
/// the result as a string.
template <typename... Args>
std::string format(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    std::ostringstream oss;
    format(oss, fmt, args...);
    return oss.str();
}

/// Format list of arguments to std::cout, according to the given format string
template <typename... Args>
void printf(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    format(std::cout, fmt, args...);
}

template <typename... Args>
void printfln(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    format(out, fmt, args...);
    out << '\n';
}

/// Additional functions by Kampersanda
template <typename... Args>
void printfln(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    format(std::cout, fmt, args...);
    std::cout << '\n';
}

template <typename... Args>
inline void errorf(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    static const char* RED_COLOR = "\033[0;31m";
    std::cerr << RED_COLOR << "ERROR: ";
    format(std::cerr, fmt, args...);
    std::cerr << "\033[0;0m";
}
template <typename... Args>
inline void warnf(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    static const char* YELLOW_COLOR = "\033[0;33m";
    std::cerr << YELLOW_COLOR << "WARNING: ";
    format(std::cerr, fmt, args...);
    std::cerr << "\033[0;0m";
}
template <typename... Args>
inline void reportf(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    static const char* GREEN_COLOR = "\033[0;32m";
    std::cout << GREEN_COLOR;
    format(std::cout, fmt, args...);
    std::cout << "\033[0;0m";
}
template <typename... Args>
inline void errorfln(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    static const char* RED_COLOR = "\033[0;31m";
    std::cerr << RED_COLOR << "ERROR: ";
    format(std::cerr, fmt, args...);
    std::cerr << "\033[0;0m" << std::endl;
}
template <typename... Args>
inline void warnfln(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    static const char* YELLOW_COLOR = "\033[0;33m";
    std::cerr << YELLOW_COLOR << "WARNING: ";
    format(std::cerr, fmt, args...);
    std::cerr << "\033[0;0m" << std::endl;
}
template <typename... Args>
inline void reportfln(const char* fmt, const Args&... args) {
    static const char* GREEN_COLOR = "\033[0;32m";
    std::cout << GREEN_COLOR;
    format(std::cout, fmt, args...);
    std::cout << "\033[0;0m" << std::endl;
}

#else  // C++98 version

inline void format(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt) {
    vformat(out, fmt, makeFormatList());
}

inline std::string format(const char* fmt) {
    std::ostringstream oss;
    format(oss, fmt);
    return oss.str();
}

inline void printf(const char* fmt) {
    format(std::cout, fmt);
}

inline void printfln(const char* fmt) {
    format(std::cout, fmt);
    std::cout << '\n';
}

#define TINYFORMAT_MAKE_FORMAT_FUNCS(n)                                      \
                                                                             \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                                        \
    void format(std::ostream& out, const char* fmt, TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) { \
        vformat(out, fmt, makeFormatList(TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n)));           \
    }                                                                        \
                                                                             \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                                        \
    std::string format(const char* fmt, TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) {             \
        std::ostringstream oss;                                              \
        format(oss, fmt, TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n));                            \
        return oss.str();                                                    \
    }                                                                        \
                                                                             \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                                        \
    void printf(const char* fmt, TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) {                    \
        format(std::cout, fmt, TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n));                      \
    }                                                                        \
                                                                             \
    template <TINYFORMAT_ARGTYPES(n)>                                        \
    void printfln(const char* fmt, TINYFORMAT_VARARGS(n)) {                  \
        format(std::cout, fmt, TINYFORMAT_PASSARGS(n));                      \
        std::cout << '\n';                                                   \
    }

TINYFORMAT_FOREACH_ARGNUM(TINYFORMAT_MAKE_FORMAT_FUNCS)
#undef TINYFORMAT_MAKE_FORMAT_FUNCS

#endif

}  // namespace tinyformat

#endif  // TINYFORMAT_H_INCLUDED